ABSTRACT
A variety of benzylidenethiazole analogs have been demonstrated to inhibit 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX). Here we report the anti-atherogenic potential of 5-(4-hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethylbenzylidene) thiazolidin-2,4-dione (HMB-TZD), a benzylidenethiazole analog, and its potential mechanism of action in LDL receptor-deficient (Ldlr-/-) mice. HMB-TZD Treatment reduced leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production significantly in RAW264.7 macrophages and SVEC4-10 endothelial cells. Macrophages or endothelial cells pre-incubated with HMB-TZD for 2 h and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) displayed reduced cytokine production. Also, HMB-TZD reduced cell migration and adhesion in accordance with decreased proinflammatory molecule production in vitro and ex vivo. HMB-TZD treatment of 8-week-old male Ldlr-/- mice resulted in significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesions without a change to plasma lipid profiles. Moreover, aortic expression of pro-atherogenic molecules involved in the recruitment of monocytes to the aortic wall, including TNF-alpha , MCP-1, and VCAM-1, was downregulated. HMB-TZD also reduced macrophage infiltration into atherosclerotic lesions. In conclusion, HMB-TZD ameliorates atherosclerotic lesion formation possibly by reducing the expression of proinflammatory molecules and monocyte/macrophage recruitment to the lesion. These results suggest that HMB-TZD, and benzylidenethiazole analogs in general, may have therapeutic potential as treatments for atherosclerosis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Male , Mice , Atherosclerosis/drug therapy , Cell Adhesion/drug effects , Cell Line , Cell Movement/drug effects , Chemokine CCL2/metabolism , Dinoprostone/metabolism , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Leukotriene B4/metabolism , Macrophages/cytology , Monocytes/cytology , Random Allocation , Receptors, LDL/deficiency , Thiazolidinediones/therapeutic use , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Alveolar Process , Anesthesia, Local , Cytoplasm , Eosinophils , Fetus , Gingiva , Gingival Neoplasms , Granular Cell Tumor , Hyperplasia , Jaw , Maxilla , Nursing , Parturition , Recurrence , UltrasonographyABSTRACT
Surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars frequently require tooth sectioning or bone removal. In this study, 361 mesioangular or horizontal impacted mandibular third molars are removed surgically by tooth section, the methods of tooth section are classified as 4 stages and 12 grades in the number of times and technics of crown or roots section and difficulties. Grades and their cases are followings: 1. occlusal crown first section(100, 28%) 2. distal crown first section(69, 19%) 3. occlusal crown second section(29, 8%) 4. distal crown second section(52, 14%) 5. occlusal crown first section and root section(10, 3%) 6. distal crown first section and root section(27, 7%) 7. occlusal crown third section(3, 1%) 8. distal crown third section(22, 6%) 9. occlusal crown second section and root section(13, 3%) 10. distal crown second section and root section(17, 5%) 11. occlusal crown third section and root section(2, 1%) 12. distal crown third section and root section(17, 5%)